Sustainable Rural Economies

This chapter provides indicators of economic and social conditions in rural communities in and near forest and rangeland areas.

Associated Indicators


Agriculture (ranch/farm) structure

This is a multi-component measure of direct production in agriculture. A farm or ranch is defined as having $1,000 or more in gross agricultural sales. Other components of production include type of commodity produced, acres in production, dollar or volume levels of farm sales (a measure of scale), and the type of business organization (family, corporate, etc.). Farm structure is an indirect indicator of production capacity for food and fiber.

Average earnings per job

This is a measure of the compensation of the average job. It is total earnings divided by total employment. Full-time and part-time jobs are counted at equal weight. Employees, sole proprietors, and active partners are included.

Community satisfaction

This indicator describes the level of satisfaction a community or county has with socioeconomic infrastructures, employment opportunities, and social support networks. Places with low satisfaction risk significant out-migration and having low capacity for adapting to opportunities and threats. The indicator measures how the local community feels about sustaining local resources and the potential of that community to take action toward sustainability.

Commuting distance/time

The number of workers that live in the selected geographic area who worked either in or outside the county they live in. The time in minutes it takes for a resident to arrive at their place of work.

Compliance with forestry regulations

This indicator will produce a report on project implementation compliance on federal forestlands with approved management plan standards and guidelines. It will also produce reports on voluntary compliance with the state Forest Practices Act by private forest landowners and operators, and the effects of Forest Practices Act compliance on private landowners’ ability to manage their forest resources.

Crime rates

An increase in crime can accompany a loss of other economic opportunities in an area. One metric of crime rates is the number of crimes per a population of 100,000.

Economic Diversity

This indicator tells us about the labor force and the quality of local employment opportunities.

Economic policies and practices

This indicator describes the extent to which economic policies and practices affect the conservation and sustainable management of rangelands. The indicator explores the relationship between micro-economic and macro-economic processes and long-term sustainable management on rangelands. Recent years have seen a transition from policies that primarily promote increased productive capacity on rangelands to a trend of encouraging ecosystem health and restoration. Extensive research has shown that important outputs of ranches are often not incorporated into conventional economic analyses. These outputs include things like family, tradition, and a rural way of life. In addition to their management-unit level effects, economic policies influence rural communities and regions.

Employment by industry

Both the distribution of jobs across sectors and the change in this distribution are important information. Refers to the employment by industry, listed according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Industry and employment types include: a. Non-Services Related- Consists of employment in industries such as farm, mining, and manufacturing. b. Services Related- Consists of employment in industries such as retail trade, finance, insurance and real estate, and services. c. Government- Consists of federal, military, state and local government employment, and government enterprise.

Employment by occupation

The number of jobs available within occupation types can tell a lot about the economic activity in an area. In rural areas, jobs could be related to tourism, logging/milling, goods movement, and ranching. This indicator refers to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, where workers are classified into occupations with similar job duties, skills, education, and/or training, regardless of industry.